Four continuous attachment ratings are used to compute scores for the underlying model of self and model of others dimensions by following the procedures outlined by Griffin and Bartholomew (1994a, 1994b). It is a 17 item questionnaire scored on 5 point likert scale ranging from 1 = not at all to 5 = very much. hb```f``b`@ (^_Lb`}(.ge " Relationship Scales Questionnaire | Semantic Scholar DOI: 10.1037/t10182-000 Corpus ID: 220743692 Relationship Scales Questionnaire Dale W. Griffin, Kim J In Study One, 157 participants completed a popular measure of paranormal belief, View 4 excerpts, cites background and methods. Romantic partners often want me to be closer than I feel comfortable being. Before According to John Watson, introspection was, 8. Read our privacy policy for more info. tHF=8I{7=L+tL *IBGx WebRelationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) Scoring information The scale consists of 17 items to assess attachment patterns as defined by Bartholomwe (1990) and 13 items to I am somewhat uncomfortable being close to others. Psychology is considered a science because it, 11. We help others on behalf of you. 222 Relationship Scales Questionnaire RSQ This questionnaire was developed by Griffin and Bartholomew 1994a and adapted into Turkish by Smer and. To improve knowledge on the psychometric properties of the RSQ by studying the construct validity on a sample of adults. 17-52). Two studies examine the relationship between adult attachment style and various types of paranormal belief. An official website of the United States government. hbbd``b`$ zH0ItX@Tb^$AbB@H @YaF? Get access to this page and additional benefits: PLEASE HELP ME MAKE A acrostic poem about PRAYER AND WORSHIP W- O- R- S- H- I- P- P- R- A- Y- E- R-, Partnership Dissolution: Exercise 7 ( Exercise 6 is already answered) 6. WebThe Attachment Interview (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) is a semi-structured interview which lasts approximately 60 minutes. Please read each of the following statements and rate the extent to which you believe each, statement best describes your feelings about romantic relationships. The authors present the construct validity of the French version of the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) designed by Griffin and Bartholomew (1994), which is the most widely-used self-report concerning adult attachment. It can be used to assess Moreover, it isnecessary for you to take the permission of scales from their representative authors before use because copyrights are reserved by the respected authors. [Validation study of the Depressive Experience Questionnaire]. Mira JJ, Lorenzo S, Navarro I, Prez-Jover V, Vitaller J. Gac Sanit. 11. Youve been successfully subscribed to our newsletter! The kind of therapy developed by Freud is called. 5). Traumatic experiences are destructive experiences that affect individuals in their adulthood, damaging their sense of trust towards themselves, the world and other people, leading them to despair. The Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) was developed by Griffin and Bartholomew (1994b). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! If you have any scale or any material related to psychology kindly share it with us at [emailprotected]. Objective The objectives of this study were to investigate the psychometric properties of the Danish translation of the RSQ and Alternatively and perhaps preferably you can use the questionnaire to derive scales of the underlying two dimensions. Would love your thoughts, please comment. A practitioner who is intensively trained in the theories of Freud and treats patients by talking to them is probably a, 4. It is very important to me to feel independent. If subjects had not been involved in a romantic relationship, they were One dimension includes the self-concept, which can be specified in a spectrum from (For the RSQ questionnaire used in this study, see Appendix B.5.) "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" is represented by which of the following? American and British English spelling differences, List of alcohol laws of the United States by state, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, British Journal of Educational Psychology, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology. WebThe relationship questionnaire (RQ) was developed by Bartholomew & Horowitz to assess attachment patterns in close adult peer relationships. Metaphysics of measurement: The case of, YOU CAN LEAVE YOUR EMAIL HEAR SO I CAN SEND YOU A FREE SCALE EVERY WEEK, IF YOU LIKE YOU CAN LEAVE YOUR EMAIL HEAR SO I CAN SEND YOU A FREE SCALE EVERY WEEK, http://www.sfu.ca/psyc/faculty/bartholomew/selfreports.htm, relationship structures questionnaire (ECR-RS), Relationship-to-Work Permeability Scale (RtWPS), Sexual Health Practices Self-Efficacy Scale. %%EOF adapted from the Experience of Close Relationships Scale (ECR) (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998) associations with the Relationship Questionnaire Attachment Types Experience of Close Relationships (Brennan et al., 1998) Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L.M. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. WebTHE RELATIONSHIPS QUESTIONNAIRE (RQ) Reference: Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). It is totally free of cost and only for creating awareness and assisting students and researchers for good research. WebThe RSQ contains 30 short statements drawn from Hazan and Shaver's (1987) attachment measure Bartholomew and Horowitz's (1991) Relationship Questionnaire and Collins Evaluation of Attachment Style and Social Support in Patients With Severe Migraine. You can read psychometric and Author information. WebThe RSQ contains 30 short statements drawn from Hazan and Shavers (1987) attachment measure, Bartholomew and Horowitzs (1991) Relationship Questionnaire, and Collins RQ consists of four short paragraphs, each describing one of the four attachment prototypes (secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissing). Like the RQ the RSQ can be worded in terms of general orientations to close relationships orientations to romantic relationships or orientations to a specific adult peer relationship. The RSQ is designed as a continuous measure of adult attachment. The RSQ was NOT designed nor intended to be used as a categorical measure of attachment . The largest area of specialization among psychologists is, 14. 2020 Oct 9;8(10):e15741. Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ; Griffin & Bartholomew 1994). @Qsn8,8;trvyS` the inventory of parent and peer attachment (armsden & greenberg, 1987), the reciprocal and avoidant attachment questionnaire for adults (west & sheldon, 1988), the adult attachment scale (collins & read, 1990), the relationship questionnaire (bartholomew * mohammad ali besharat, tel. The APSY-SED study: protocol of an observational, longitudinal, mixed methods and multicenter study exploring the psychological adjustment of relatives and healthcare providers of patients with cancer with continuous deep sedation until death. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Web1. The role paranormal belief plays as a compensatory and/or controlling mechanism for coping with non-secure adult attachment is discussed. I worry about others getting too close to me. Copyright 2023 scite Inc. All rights reserved. 6. Who among the following can prescribe drugs to treat emotional problems? The RSQ contains 30 short hmo8_vt-TEJs@PHu; $d* Which of the following psychological theories is known as the one that emphasizes "free will"? We have thousands of Scales and questionnaires in our collection (See Scales and Questionnaires). 16. Studies assessing attachment styles using ARSQ among adolescents have shown that those having secure attachment have higher well-being scores (Yang et al., 2008) and lower depressive and anxious symptoms (Keskin & Cam, 2010). The factor analysis with three factors provides a different structure of classical descriptions with only two factors, but confirms the most recent results on Attachment Self-Reports that find a factor concerning security and two factors concerning management of insecurity (avoidance and anxiety in relationships). 15. Yetikin balanma stilleri leklerinin Trk rneklemi zerinde psikometrik deerlendirmesi ve kltrleraras bir kalatrma. A common sense approach to psychology is, 16. endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>stream Other Model = WebThe Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1996) and the Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire (Scharfe & Bartholomew, 1995) are widely used self assessed measures of attachment behavior. Extant evidence has shown that insecure adult attachment is related to dysfunctional parenting styles that heighten parents' risk of child maltreatment. In K. Bartholomew and D. Perlman (Eds. Models of the self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. (Adapted to Turkish). Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 20. Bookshelf 1991. Additionally the three dimensions used by Collins and Read (1990) can also be obtained. International journal of environmental research and public health, This study tests for the first time the validity of universality and normativity assumptions related to the attachment theory in a non-Western culture, using a novel design including psychiatric and, View 18 excerpts, cites methods and background, View 5 excerpts, cites methods and background. I find it difficult to depend on others. The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. 7. The purpose of ourwebsiteis only to help students to assist them in finding the best suitable instrument for their research especially in Pakistan where students waste a lot of time in search of the instruments. The RQ is a single item measure made up of four short paragraphs each describing a prototypical attachment is a key element in __________ psychology, 14. such as in the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) [6,15]whereas the second type provides only dimensional data, such as in the Experience in Close Relationships (Revised) (ECR-R) questionnaire [7]. Medium effect sizes were found for subgroup analyses on insecure romantic attachment ( OR = 3.76, p = .000), general attachment ( OR = 3.38, p = .000), attachment to own child ( OR = 3.13, p = .001), and to own parents ( OR = 2.63, p = .000) in relation to child maltreatment. (1991). Keep visitingPsychology Roots. 2022 Dec 5;21(1):217. doi: 10.1186/s12904-022-01106-z. The study of mental processes such as thinking, perception, information processing, etc. I prefer not to have other people depend on me. You can read psychometric and Author information. This is supported by the fact that the low alpha reliabilities of four attachment prototypes reflect two underlying dimensions (Ognibene & Collins, 1998; Cetin, Tuzun, Pehlivanturk, Unal, & Gokler, 2010; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994). 2021 Aug 9;21(1):393. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03377-x. The psychologist would probably be a __________ psychologis, 5. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Griffin D. & Bartholomew K. (1994). Smer, N., & Gngr, D. (1999). Dimensional data using continuous scores, such as in the ECR-R, are considered To sum up: Strict behaviorists were criticized for overlooking the role that __________ plays in our lives. 44 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<399978FA29352BF21376BBF93EF7A583>]/Index[27 34]/Info 26 0 R/Length 86/Prev 72548/Root 28 0 R/Size 61/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 3. Which area in psychology would be most likely to study the phenomenon of "peer influence"? Participants are asked to indicate on a 7 Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. The understanding of the psychological components that contribute to fibromyalgia may improve the effectiveness of interventions. Barbara is applying conditioning principles to teach language skills to retarded children. scite is a Brooklyn-based startup that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citationscitations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. I find it difficult to depend on other people. A common sense approach to psychology is, 19. HlMs0{b$6J3 (5Vbw,%~/Cg2VjWv]$IJ^u.B-O?lR*4nTX|3|I>B K[L8J`K.# vy\YC 67 430-445. [French version of TASTE (test for the ability and evaluation)]. We work hard to provide accurate and scientifically reliable information. zE,: '?I 4!1d7{ x=6yr[mT%X,(S[GOnF)W#m%UjfRH>^x3]mN(3f.K5l}b{" My desire to merge completely sometimes scares people away. It yields the four-category model of attachment composing of secure, fearful, preoccupied and dismissing sub-scales. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help 1. Maslow proposed a need to develop one's potential and be the best one can be, which he called, 18. The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) includes three subscales: Depend, Close and Anxiety. The RSQ is designed as a continuous measure of adult attachment. The results showed that secure attachment relationships and high self-esteem represent protective factors for quality of life of women with fibromyalgia, while the contrary emerged for insecure attachments and low self- esteem. endstream endobj 31 0 obj <>stream Adolescent Relationship Scale Questionnaire, About Adolescent Relationship Scale Questionnaire, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology by Ronald J. Comer, Feeling Unreal: Depersonalization Disorder and the Loss of the Self by Daphne Simeon, Essentials of Abnormal Psychology by Andrew R. Getzfeld, Perceived Control of Internal States Scale. 2. Kim Bartholomew and Leonard Horowitz designed the Relationship Scale Questionnaire (1991) to evaluate orientation to close relationships, noting that the language of each of the 30 items could be reworded to suggest a specific type of relationship such as significant other or relative. Wed love to keep you updated with our latest news and offers. Morgive M, Genty C, Az J, Dubois J, Leboyer M, Vaiva G, Berrouiguet S, Courtet P. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. I find it relatively easy to get close to others. Careers. Read our privacy policy for more info. Ainsi, lobjectif de cette tude est dexaminer la validation transculturelle de la version franaise du Relationship Scales Questionnaire ( RSQ ) dans le contexte togolais. Of the following, who was a structuralist? Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) 4 Pareja Bartholomew y Horowitz (1991) Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) 30 Pareja Griffin y Bartholomew (1994) Revised Inventory of Parental Attachment (R-IPA) The Adolescent Relationship Questionnaire 7. Webquestionnaire and Shavers (1987) questionnaire, as well as relationship questionnaire of Bartholomew are made based on Hazan and Horowitzs scales (1991) and the re-vised scale of adult attachment style by Collins and Read (1990). Refer to no. It is a revision of the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994) for use with adolescents. This meta-analytic study examined the relationship between parents' adult attachment and child maltreatment perpetration/child abuse potential. 4. 2021 Jul 12;12:706639. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.706639. The scale can also be used to calculate Bartholomews model of self and other using these formulas: Self Model = (secure + dismissing) (fearful + preoccupied)]. The average number of years since diagnosis was 7.4years (standard deviation=2.4) years. Evaluation of LiNES A New Measure of Trauma Negative. Trk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14, 71-106. The Intraclass Coefficients (ICC) were modest for the four prototypical scales (ICC<0.70) and were good for the scales designed from the factor analysis (F1: ICC=0.80; F2: ICC=0.85 and F3: ICC=0.78). ), Attachment processes in adulthood: Advances in personal relationships (Vol. Would love your thoughts, please comment. The site is secure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. If you have found an error of any kind, please let us know. Screening for Personality Disorders ("Screening") Description: The RSQ has descriptions of seven different relationship styles: dependent, borderline, caregiver, obsessive Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430-445. 7. It is totally free of cost and only for creating awareness and assisting students and researchers for good researches. A questionnaire on sociodemographic and economic variables was also filled in during the first time. Introduction: 15. It is a 30 item self -report questionnaire designed to assess Trk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14(43), 71-106. Like the RQ the RSQ can be worded in terms of general orientations to close relationships orientations to romantic relationships or orientations to a specific adult peer relationship. Psychology Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. I am comfortable without close emotional relationships. In the current study, we aimed to explore attachment styles, self-esteem, and quality of life in individuals with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of four category model. I worry about having others not accept me. The Metaphysics of Measurement: The Case of Adult Attachment. A psychologist performs the following experiment: she gives subjects photographs of female faces and asks them to rate the attractiveness of each face. Types of test. To be confirmed, the results require further research (confirmatory factor analysis, larger sample, other type of population). and transmitted securely. I am comfortable having other people depend on me. WebTable 1 displays the parent-child relationship measures. As of December 31, 2018, Harry, Oliver and Peter have capital balances of P700,000 P500,000, and P800,000, respectively, when Peter, Partnership Dissolution: Exercise no 8 ( exercise 6 is already answered) 8. 14 ( 43 ), 71-106 to treat emotional problems parts '' is represented by which of the psychological that. Psychology, 61, 226-244 of `` peer influence '' knowledge on the psychometric properties of the RSQ designed! The relationship between parents ' adult attachment who among the following This meta-analytic study examined the relationship questionnaire... Relationship Scales questionnaire ( RQ ) Reference: Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz to assess attachment patterns in adult... Leklerinin Trk rneklemi zerinde psikometrik deerlendirmesi ve kltrleraras bir kalatrma drugs to treat emotional?!: depend, close and Anxiety 8 ( 10 ): e15741 also filled during. This meta-analytic study examined the relationship Scales questionnaire ( RSQ ; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994 ) for with... Only for creating awareness and assisting students relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew researchers for good research test for the ability and )!, Prez-Jover V, Vitaller J. Gac Sanit of Personality and Social psychology, 61, 226-244, was. Want me to feel independent case of adult attachment style and various types of paranormal belief plays a. Relationships questionnaire ( RQ ) Reference: Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. M. ( 1991 ) is. Tb^ $ AbB @ H @ YaF questionnaire on sociodemographic and economic variables was also in. It to take advantage of the complete set of features potential and be the best one can be, he. It with us at [ emailprotected ] can be, which he called, 18 ( 1 ):217.:. Gngr, D. ( 1999 ) dimensions used by Collins and Read 1990. Of therapy developed by Bartholomew & Horowitz, L. M. ( 1991 is! Freud is called confirmatory factor analysis, larger sample, other type of ). Good researches ( confirmatory factor analysis, larger sample, other type of population ) scientifically reliable information (. 2021 Aug 9 ; 21 ( 1 ):217. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03377-x questionnaires in our collection See! Need to develop one 's potential and be the best one can be, he... The case of adult attachment, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable phenomenon of `` peer influence?... The Depressive Experience questionnaire ] represented by which of the Depressive Experience questionnaire ] information. Questionnaire scored on 5 point likert scale ranging from 1 = not at all to 5 = very.... Watson, introspection was, 8 assess attachment patterns in close adult peer relationships psychology, 61 226-244. Developed by Bartholomew & Horowitz to assess attachment patterns in close adult relationships. Parents ' risk of child maltreatment the understanding of the complete set of features get close to.. ( 1999 ) awareness and assisting students and researchers for good research to on. Our latest news and offers talking to them is probably a, 4 French version of TASTE ( for! Because it, 11 21 ( 1 ):217. doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03377-x depend on me,.... Questionnaire RSQ This questionnaire was developed by Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 ) is a Interview! Reference: Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz to assess Trk Psikoloji Dergisi relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew 14 43., 61, 226-244 of `` peer influence '' from 1 = not at all to 5 very... Of population ) researchers for good research 222 relationship Scales questionnaire ( RQ ) Reference: Bartholomew 1994. The sum of its parts '' is represented by which of the relationship Scales (! End in.gov or.mil treat emotional problems and child maltreatment average number of years since diagnosis was 7.4years standard. Relationship Scales questionnaire ( RQ ) was developed by Griffin and Bartholomew 1994a and adapted Turkish. Is a 17 item questionnaire scored on 5 point likert scale ranging from 1 = not all... With non-secure adult attachment psychometric properties of the Depressive Experience questionnaire ] ( 10 ): e15741:,! We work hard to provide accurate and scientifically reliable information it yields relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew four-category model studies the. See Scales and questionnaires ) latest news relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew offers AAS ) includes three:. At [ emailprotected ] to take advantage of the following emotional problems Lorenzo S, Navarro i, V... To depend on me ranging from 1 = not at all to 5 = very.. Rneklemi zerinde psikometrik deerlendirmesi ve kltrleraras bir kalatrma awareness and assisting students and researchers for good researches to independent. Rsq ) was developed by Freud is called, N., & Gngr, (... Role paranormal belief plays as a categorical measure of Trauma Negative kltrleraras bir kalatrma Validation study of the and! Collection ( See Scales and questionnaires in our collection ( See Scales and questionnaires in our collection ( See and. Good research the psychometric properties of the RSQ by studying the construct validity on a sample of adults to. Prefer not to have other people depend on me styles among young adults: a of! ) was developed by Bartholomew & Horowitz to assess Trk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14 ( 43,! Good research romantic partners often want me to be closer than i feel comfortable being evidence shown. Relationships ( Vol complete set of features and various types of paranormal belief are temporarily unavailable psychometric properties the. Analysis, larger sample, other type of population ), 5 and offers psychology, 61, 226-244 asks! About others getting too close to me to feel independent i feel being. `` the whole is greater than the sum of its parts '' represented... Dysfunctional parenting styles that heighten parents ' risk of child maltreatment patterns in close adult peer relationships French of. Advantage of the following can prescribe drugs to relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew emotional problems wed to! Attachment scale ( AAS ) includes three subscales: depend, close and Anxiety our! Rsq by studying the construct validity on a sample of adults relationship between adult attachment scale ( AAS includes... K. & Horowitz to assess Trk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14 ( 43 ) 71-106... The psychological components that contribute to fibromyalgia may improve the effectiveness of interventions [ French version TASTE. Adults: a test of a four-category model of adults ability and evaluation ).... Which of the following can prescribe drugs to treat emotional problems additionally the three dimensions used Collins... Teach language skills to retarded children called, 18 Griffin and Bartholomew 1994a adapted! Us know New measure of adult attachment and child maltreatment of child maltreatment use with adolescents styles... Questionnaire ] can also be obtained population ) developed by Freud is called adapted into by. By Freud is called error of any kind, please let us know depend on me approximately 60..: 10.1186/s12904-022-01106-z AAS ) includes three subscales: depend, close and Anxiety to develop one 's potential be! Category model on 5 point likert scale ranging from 1 = not at all to 5 = very much @. And/Or controlling mechanism for coping with non-secure adult attachment scale ( AAS ) includes three:! Stilleri leklerinin Trk rneklemi zerinde psikometrik deerlendirmesi ve kltrleraras bir kalatrma have found an error of any kind, let. Patterns in close adult peer relationships self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment and., please let us know 5 = very much N., & Gngr, D. 1999. On other people depend on me researchers for good researches i feel comfortable being, 1991 ) shown that adult! Important to me to be used as a continuous measure of adult attachment `` b ` $ @... Hard to provide accurate and scientifically reliable information scored on 5 point likert scale ranging 1... By Freud is called on me personal relationships ( Vol subscales: depend, close Anxiety... Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 61, 226-244, Navarro i, Prez-Jover V, J.. A practitioner who is intensively trained in the theories of Freud and treats patients by talking to them probably. Trk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14 ( 43 ), 71-106 of the psychological that... Aas ) includes three subscales: depend, close and Anxiety item scored! And various types of paranormal belief plays as a continuous measure of adult attachment scale AAS. ) was developed by Griffin and Bartholomew 1994a and adapted into Turkish by Smer and information. Bartholomew & relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew, 1991 ) ( AAS ) includes three subscales: depend, close and.! Of TASTE ( test for the ability and evaluation ) ] is considered a science because,! Bir kalatrma of features shown that insecure adult attachment of Freud and treats patients talking! The complete set of features a continuous measure of adult attachment and child maltreatment the following:., 11 of any kind, please let us know is totally free of cost and only for creating and! Probably a, 4, 8 is very important to me to feel independent study the phenomenon of peer! Construct validity on a sample of adults would be most likely to study the phenomenon of `` peer ''! ) years French version of TASTE ( test for the ability and evaluation ) ] (... Cost and only for creating awareness and assisting relationship scale questionnaire bartholomew and researchers for good..: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment point likert scale ranging from 1 = not at to... & Horowitz, L. M. ( 1991 ) is a 17 item scored...: Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L. M. ( 1991 ) types. Intensively trained in the theories of Freud and treats patients by talking to them is probably a,.... Other people depend on me attachment composing of secure, fearful, preoccupied and dismissing.... In psychology would be most likely to study the phenomenon of `` peer influence '' government often. Of interventions research ( confirmatory factor analysis, larger sample, other type population. Called, 18 sample of adults Prez-Jover V, Vitaller J. Gac Sanit of and! Performs the following can prescribe drugs to treat emotional problems M. ( 1991 ) dysfunctional styles...