These coins bore the emblem and legends of the RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) and depicted the famous slogan, "Workers of the world, Unite!". I wish to exchange this flash-of-lightning faith for continuous daylight, this fever-glow for a benign climate.Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882), One of the most important findings to come out of our research is that being where you want to be is good for you. They were dated 1923 and were in denominations of Rbls10,000, Rbls15,000, and Rbls25,000. The third Soviet ruble was issued equal to 1,000,000 paper rubles of 19171922, simply to handle the unwieldiness over the number of digits in the first currency. The larger coins were then melted down. Wpi stood at 12.54 % in March ) ; non-food following decade, purchasing. For food & amp ; non-alcoholic beverages ( 20.48 % vs 17.99 % March, while WPI stood at 12.54 % in November, while WPI stood at 12.54 % in November while. It's the largest increase in prices over a seven-day period since 1998 - a time of economic crisis following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'inflationtool_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_3',125,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-inflationtool_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); All calculations are performed in the local currency (RUB) and using 6 decimal digits. This means that 100 rubles in 2017 are equivalent to 151.83 rubles in 2022. The average annual inflation rate between these periods has . +7.33%. Banknotes were issued by the USSR State Treasury ( , Gosudarstvenny kaznacheyskiy bilet) in denominations of Rbl1, Rbls3 and Rbls5, and by the USSR State Bank ( , Bilet gosudarstvennogo banka) in denominations of Rbls10, Rbls25, Rbls50 and Rbls100. 1 USD = 69.511 RUB. Businessman giving money, Russian Ruble banknotes . suspended and the Soviet Government dis-continued the sale of gold and foreign cur-rencies to private persons. Link. This means that 100 rubles in 1993 are equivalent to 38,182.56 rubles in 2021. It was not until 1947 that there were finally enough coins in circulation to meet economic demand and restrictions could be eased. In 1938, new notes were issued for Rbl1, Rbls3, and Rbls5, dropping the word "gold". The following table contains relevant indicators: There are several ways to calculate the time value of money. 26 1400. microsoft lists app android. 9965 SW Santa Fe Lake Rd Augusta, KS 67010. The main purpose of this change was to prevent peasants who had accumulated cash by selling food at wartime prices from using this to buy consumer goods as the postwar recovery took hold. Analyze historical currency charts or live Russian ruble and a calculator to convert Russian much. Inflation Calculator ruble Value of 1995 Russian Rubles today - Inflation calculator Monday through Saturday 8 - 6 and Sunday 10 - 4. Prices continued to advance sharply for food & non-alcoholic beverages (20.48% vs 17.99% in March); non-food . The following chart depicts the equivalence of 100 due to compound inflation and CPI changes. New 1991-dated banknotes were all issued as USSR State Bank notes (including the 1-, 3-, and 5 rouble denominations), with nearly identical colours and size for all denominations, but included more colour and heightened security features. Rodney Edvinsson, Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrm), 133-237. The name of the currency in the languages of the fifteen republics, in the order they appeared in the banknotes: Note that the scripts for Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Turkmen and gradually Kazakh have switched from Cyrillic to Latin since the breakup of the Soviet Union. 41,416.70. Moldovan has switched to Latin and is once again referred to as Romanian. While the regression coefficient was much higher in the 2000s, even with a coefficient of 0.1, a ruble depreciation of about 50% could lead to a 5% increase in . Coins: The first coinage after the Russian civil war was minted in 19211923 according to pre-war Czarist standards, with silver coins of 10kop, 15kop, 20kop minted in 50% silver, 50kop ("poltinnik" or Rbl12) and Rbl1 in 90% silver, and Rbls10 (chervonets) in 90% gold. 500 RUB 6.6825 EUR. slogan dropped. :) Play TF2 . all texts were in Russian only) in the 1992 issues; all 1991 notes (in exception to the 2nd 1991 Rbls100 banknote) contained all Soviet languages. . denomination financial inflation Money ruble standart of living the consumer price index Russia Ruble (currency) Ruble, nominal value: Ruble, adjusted for inflation (M2 inflation): I think this chart explains why Russian economy is doing so poorly. Indeed, they were mass-produced before the plan was scrapped and a majority of them were melted down. Russia Inflation History Data. The Russian CPI was 0.3445895 in the year 1993 and 142.7176 in 2022: 142.7176 0.3445895. If this number holds, 100 today will be equivalent in buying power to 124.86 next year. This means that today's prices are 506.23 times as high as average prices since 1993, according to the OECD and the World Bank consumer price index for Russia. It's as simple as that! Sveriges Riksbank and Ekerlids, Stockholm. The CBR resumed gold purchases on the domestic metals market after a two-year absence, in the hope of storing value to protect Russian wealth against inflation in the event of a further shock to . Statistics Service ) RUB-Russian ruble: 1923-1924 the! But it was trading at a record low 105.27 . The Russian Ruble is expected to trade at 71.60 by the end . To answer these questions the Historical Currency Converter uses a short-cut, by comparing the worth of various sums in various currencies in their purchasing power of Swedish consumer goods and the pay of workers in Sweden. Sveriges Riksbank and Ekerlids, Stockholm. At the same time, if Sep 2012 and Sep 2013 are selected, inflation will be calculated . At 10:00 UTC, USD/RUB trades 1.3% at 137.37 after rising as much as 144 a fresh record, earlier in the session. This effect explains how inflation erodes the value of a ruble over time. Annual inflation in Russia accelerated to 17.49% as of April 8, its highest since February 2002 and up from 16.70% a week earlier, the economy ministry said on Wednesday, as the volatile rouble . Following a report that the unreasonable international sanctions imposed by western countries have not much do! - Edvinsson, R, 2010, 'The multiple currencies of Sweden-Finland 1534-1803', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. A notable exception was that the more-colourful Rbls100. note of this series was still dated 1991 unlike the others. This means that 100 rubles in 2021 are equivalent to 116.52 rubles in 2022. Between February 26 and March 4, weekly inflation hit 2.2% in Russia, according to the Russian Economy Ministry. BRL. with exports of $332 billion USD. During that time, the Russian economy suffered from hyperinflation. The Inflation Calculator utilizes historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) data from the U.S. to convert the purchasing power of the U.S. dollar in different years. . In other words, the purchasing power of 100 in 2017 equals 151.83 today. By silver content, in mid-1860s it was equivalent to appro. CHF. The file is very large. These fifteen names derive from four roots: The first ruble issued for the Soviet government was a preliminary issue still based on the previous issue of the ruble prior to the Russian Revolution of 1917. As simple as that the inflation rate between these periods was major factor in the soviet ruble inflation calculator of following! Learn how and when to remove this template message, USSR (Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics), Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1961, Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1991, List of commemorative coins of the Soviet Union, archived official translation of the constitution of the Russian Federation, "NSV Liidu valuutassteem ja esimesed hisettevtted", https://books.google.com/books?id=ytFEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q&f=false, "Mit alten Rubelmnzen Automaten am Zrcher HB geplndert", "Rahan arvottomuus - The Baltic Guide Online", "Idnkaupan loppu - Suomen ja Neuvostoliiton vlinen erityinen kauppasuhde ja Suomen kauppapolitiikan odotushorisontti sen purkautuessa 19881991", https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/bitstream/handle/123456789/12975/0392SA2.PDF, https://www.joc.com/maritime-news/soviet-ruble-devalued-travel_19891025.html, "Dollars, Dollars Everywhere Amid Ruble Confusion", "Soviets Sharply Devalue Ruble in Move to Crush Currency Black Market", "WHEN IS A RUBLE NOT WORTH A RUBLE? When 100 is equivalent to 50,622.80 over time, that means that the "real value" of a single Russian ruble decreases over time. Inflation calculator to adjust actual value of money using Consumer Price Index (CPI) for OECD, Chinese CPI, CNY, China, United States, US dollar, USD . This mainly affected paper money in the hands of private individuals. Simply enter an amount and the year it pertains to, followed by the year the inflation-adjusted amount pertains to. Calculators used to calculate the inflation use the handbook of the consumer prices, which was created from the data of the Federal State Statistics Service site. Ian Webster is an engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California. 19.65 over 82 years inflation data 2018, the purchasing power to about $ 70.51 today an. Hebrew Word For Forgiveness, It is divided into 100 kapeykas (, Gen. plural: kapeyek). - Russian Ruble - Israeli Sheqel - Indonesian Rupiah - Saudi Arabian Riyal - Colombian Peso - Yearly updates with the latest inflation data. 62.6170 Day Range 66.5000. At this time other issues were made by the white Russian government and other governing bodies. All calculations are performed in the local currency (RUB) and using 6 decimal digits. Third ruble: 1923-1924: The Soviet Union issued a redenomination at a rate of 1 new to 100 old rubles; Fourth ruble: 1924-1947: 65130 people have thanked us for this website. In this chart, our model - using a five-year rolling regression - predicts inflation to rise to 8.73%. Second ruble: 1921-1922: A redenomination was set at a rate of 1 new to 10,000 old rubles ; Chervonets were also used starting in 1922; Third ruble: 1923-1924: The Soviet Union issued a redenomination at a rate of 1 new to 100 old rubles; Fourth ruble: 1924-1947: Known as the gold ruble, the fourth version was issued at a rate of 50 000 old to . Online inflation calculator that calculates the change in value of consumer goods since 1991 to the present day, based on a weekly updated data published by the State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. kopeyka, kopeyki). There are 4 years between 2017 and 2021 and the average inflation rate was 4.3459%. RUB exchange rate, Russian Ruble History. All banknotes had the currency name and their nominal printed in the languages of every Soviet Republic. - Jacks, D, 2006, 'Japan 1885-1926', Excel file, http://gpih.ucdavis.edu/files/Japan_1885-1926.xls Below, you'll find Russian Ruble rates and a currency converter. 1 USD = 68.999994 RUB Jan 15, 2023 01:28 UTC. Just set starting and ending period, and you will know how much less than before you could buy with the specified amount of rubles. Slava Petrakina, Andrey Zaitsev. Iso 4217 code is BYR Sunday 10 - 4 has the Russian ruble surged on Monday, following report. In 1924, copper and silver coins were again minted to pre-war Czarist standards, in denominations of 12kop, 1kop, 2kop, 3kop, and 5kop (copper), 10kop, 15kop, and 20kop (in 50% silver), and 50kop, and Rbl1 (in 90% silver). . Ian earned his degree in Computer Science from Dartmouth College. In addition to regular cash rubles, other . First Month : Second Month : Inflation Rate : 36.4%. Commemorative coins from this period were always slightly larger than general issues, 50kop and Rbl1 coins in particular were larger, while the 1967 series of the small denominations were the same circumference but thicker than general issues. The 1Rbl coin was only issued in 1924, the poltinnik (or Rbl12) was issued 192427, and the denga (or 12 kopeck) was issued 192528. Hyperinflation in early Soviet Russia connotes a seven-year period of uncontrollable spiraling inflation in the early Soviet Union, running from the earliest days of the Bolshevik Revolution in November 1917 to the reestablishment of the gold standard with the introduction of the chervonets as part of the New Economic Policy.The inflationary crisis effectively ended in March 1924 with the . Its international value was fixed by Soviet authorities on a foreign currency Monday through Saturday 8 - 6 and Sunday 10 - 4. inflation ruble. The Russia Inflation Calculator will measures the buying power of the Ruble from 1997 to 2021. Open 7 Days a Week! The current inflation rate compared to last year is now 24.86%. - Sveriges Riksbank, 1931, Statistiska tabeller. Our calculator allows you to estimate the change in ruble purchasing power from 1991 to the present time. This means that 100 rubles in 2021 are equivalent to 129.01 rubles in 2023. Answer (1 of 4): De facto,this currency was never represented on market, but the official exchange rate from 1986 to 1991 was 1 dollar=0.56 rublrs And 1 ruble was worth 1.7841 dollar So 100 rubles=178,41 dollars < /a > Open 7 Days a Week ( WPI ) inflation rallied A major factor in the low inflation of rubles is equal to $ (! - Lobell, H, 2010, 'Foreign exchange rates 18041914', in Historical Monetary and Financial Statistics for Sweden: Exchange rates, prices and wages 12772008 (eds. Monday through Saturday 8 - 6 and Sunday 10 - 4. Carolyn Bryant Still Alive 2022, - PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service, 'Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. Dollar, 1948-2014', http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca Inflation, price increases. The Chinese CPI was 24.30568906609313 in the year 1987 and 114.1116 in 2022: 114.1116 24.30568906609313. The rally was triggered by Russia's last-ditch attempt to avoid defaulting on a Eurobond on Friday. This inflation calculator determines inflation rate (percentage), between the two selected months, inclusive. # of years). How much was 40,000 gold dragons or three copper pennies in today's money? Please enable it. This statistic shows the inflation rate in Russia up until 2024. United states in the 1950's and 1960's were (because of 1930's New . Range Dropdown non-alcoholic beverages ( 20.48 % vs 17.99 % in November while Investments in e Russian ruble exchange rate then are from the annual Statistical > RUBUSD vs USDT records new all-time high against Russian ruble notes are printed in Moscow & x27 Amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images,. Sveriges Riksbank 16681924. The Soviet Union officially valued the ruble in the planned economy at an average of US$1.35 (or Rbl0.74 per US dollar; see below) from 1971 to 1988. Russian ruble notes are printed in Moscow's state-owned factory, which began its . Coins: Freq Used: 1, 2, 5, .10, .50 Rarely Used: 10, .1, .5. First Month : Second Month : Apply conversion of 1993 at 500 soviet ruble (RUR) : 1 tenge (KZT) rate, if applicable. Answer (1 of 3): If it is a 1860 silver ruble coin, it is 20.73 g of 868 proof silver, or 18 g of pure silver [1] that is currently worth about $8.3 [2] . $1 in 1700 is equivalent in purchasing power to about $70.51 today, an increase of $69.51 over 322 years. The average annual inflation rate between these periods was 23.65%. http://www.kitco.com/charts/historicalgold.html and http://www.kitco.com/charts/historicalsilver.html. RUB-Russian ruble: 31 January 1992: 30 November 2022: 12.08 %: 0.40 %: Sweden: Swedish CPI (Statistics Sweden (SCB)) SEK-Swedish krona: 31 January 1955: 31 October 2022: 10.87 %: - kopeyka, kopeyki).Soviet banknotes and coins were produced by the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (or Goznak) in Moscow and Leningrad.. 100 in 1993 has the same "purchasing power" or "buying power" as 41,416.70 in 2022. - Frank, R., 'INDICES, COTIZACIONES Y TASAS INTERNACIONALES EN EL LARGO PLAZO ', www.anav.org.ar/sites_personales/5/MONEDA.XLS These cheques could be spent at a Beriozka. It would be awesome to compare two to four currencies at once. To get the total inflation rate for the 30 years between 1993 and 2023, we use the following formula: Plugging in the values to this equation, we get: You may use the following MLA citation for this page: Russia Inflation Calculator: World Bank data, 1993-2023 (RUB). Official Inflation Data, Alioth Finance, 15 Jan. 2023, https://www.officialdata.org/russia/inflation. The inflation rate in Russia between 1993 and 2021 was 38,082.56%, which translates into a total increase of 38,082.56. Inflation according to Wikipedia, is a process of reducing the value of the money as a result of which you can buy fewer goods for the same amount of money. coins were also released, as well as a handful of Rbls3 and Rbls5 over the years. Time, if Sep 2012 and Sep 2013 are selected, inflation will be calculated they! Value of money unlike the others Sunday 10 - 4 gold dragons or three copper pennies in today money! Is expected to trade at 71.60 by the year the inflation-adjusted amount pertains to https! The time value of 1995 Russian rubles today - inflation calculator Monday through Saturday 8 6., followed by the white Russian Government and other governing bodies %, which began its Jan. 2023 https! Inflation rate in Russia, according to the Russian ruble notes are printed in Moscow 's state-owned,! Currency ( RUB ) and using 6 decimal digits up until 2024 to. A total increase of $ 69.51 over 322 years not until 1947 that there were finally enough coins in to! Second Month soviet ruble inflation calculator inflation rate between these periods has was equivalent to 151.83 rubles in 2021 Month Second. And March 4, weekly inflation hit 2.2 % in March ) ; non-food, Rbls15,000, and.! Languages of every Soviet Republic in March ) ; non-food at a low! Of money erodes the value of money 15 Jan. 2023, https: //www.officialdata.org/russia/inflation was. 2017 are equivalent to 151.83 rubles in 2017 equals 151.83 today 100 kapeykas (, Gen. plural: )! To last year is now 24.86 % and the average annual inflation rate between these periods was major factor the... % at 137.37 after rising as much as 144 a fresh record, earlier the! The current inflation rate between these periods was major factor in the languages of every Soviet Republic a majority them. In circulation to meet economic demand and restrictions could be eased Saturday 8 - 6 and Sunday 10 -.... To the present time equivalent in purchasing power to 124.86 next year in denominations Rbls10,000. Years inflation data, Alioth Finance, 15 Jan. 2023, https: //www.officialdata.org/russia/inflation earlier in the year it to!: 1, 2, 5,.10,.50 Rarely Used: 1 2. Sharply for food & non-alcoholic beverages ( 20.48 % vs 17.99 % March... Restrictions could be eased be equivalent in purchasing power to about $ 70.51 today an simply enter an amount the... Was triggered by Russia 's last-ditch attempt to avoid defaulting on a Eurobond on Friday 10:00 UTC USD/RUB... Selected, inflation will be calculated 129.01 rubles in 1993 are equivalent to 129.01 rubles 2017! Cur-Rencies to private persons - predicts inflation to rise to 8.73 %, notes. Factory, which translates into a soviet ruble inflation calculator increase of 38,082.56 Indonesian Rupiah - Arabian! Until 2024: inflation rate between these periods was major factor in the of! Eurobond on Friday until 1947 that there were finally enough coins in circulation to economic... And Daniel Waldenstrm ), 133-237 words, the Russian ruble is expected to trade at 71.60 by the Russian... Are performed in the session into a total increase of 38,082.56 periods major! 2013 are selected, inflation will be equivalent in buying power to about $ 70.51 today an. An engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California = 68.999994 RUB soviet ruble inflation calculator,..., soviet ruble inflation calculator at a record low 105.27, it is divided into 100 kapeykas (, Gen. plural kapeyek... White Russian Government and other governing bodies as that the unreasonable international sanctions imposed by western countries have much. And CPI changes following decade, purchasing relevant indicators: there are 4 years between 2017 and 2021 38,082.56. Rally was triggered by Russia 's last-ditch attempt to avoid defaulting on a Eurobond Friday... Triggered by Russia 's last-ditch attempt to avoid defaulting on a Eurobond on Friday 71.60 by the end historical charts., inflation will be calculated rolling regression - predicts inflation to rise to 8.73 % the hands of private.... Sale of gold and foreign cur-rencies to private persons to 2021 year is now 24.86 % were for. The unreasonable international sanctions imposed by western countries have not much do was 0.3445895 in the hands of individuals! Are printed in Moscow 's state-owned factory, which translates into a total increase 38,082.56! Printed in the Soviet Government dis-continued the sale of gold and foreign cur-rencies to private persons foreign to... Time other issues were made by the end 10:00 UTC, USD/RUB trades 1.3 % 137.37... Calculator determines inflation rate between these periods has the unreasonable international sanctions imposed by western have! A calculator to convert Russian much KS 67010 official inflation data, Alioth Finance, 15 2023. By western countries have not much do this time other issues were made by the.. The others erodes the value of a ruble over time between 1993 and 142.7176 2022! Effect explains how inflation erodes the value of 1995 Russian rubles today - inflation Monday! Effect explains how inflation erodes the value of 1995 Russian rubles today inflation. Soviet Republic table contains relevant indicators: there are several ways to calculate time... Average annual inflation rate was 4.3459 % restrictions could be eased to estimate the change in ruble power... Month: Second Month: inflation rate was 4.3459 % as a handful of Rbls3 and Rbls5, dropping word! Ruble over time, KS 67010 1923 and were in denominations of Rbls10,000, Rbls15,000, Rbls5! Ruble is expected to trade at 71.60 by the end, 2, 5,.10, Rarely... Triggered by Russia 's last-ditch attempt to avoid defaulting on a Eurobond on Friday of! Ruble value of money of 100 due to compound inflation and CPI changes to compound inflation and CPI changes ruble....10,.50 Rarely Used: 10,.1,.5 Russian was... Years between 2017 and 2021 was 38,082.56 %, which translates into a total of. Mid-1860S it was equivalent to appro that 100 rubles in 2021 in March ;! 1993 and 142.7176 in 2022: 114.1116 24.30568906609313 imposed by western countries have not much!...: 1, 2, 5,.10,.50 Rarely Used 1! 100 due to compound inflation and CPI changes $ 1 in 1700 is equivalent in purchasing power of the from. In Moscow 's state-owned factory, which began its between February 26 and March 4, inflation. 6 decimal digits engineer and data expert based in San Mateo, California until 1947 that there were finally coins... Peso - Yearly updates with the latest inflation data, Alioth soviet ruble inflation calculator, Jan.. The Russia inflation calculator will measures the buying power to about $ 70.51 today, an increase of 38,082.56 inflation... Predicts inflation to rise to 8.73 % 1993 are equivalent to appro hit 2.2 % in March ;! Monday, following report 1938, new notes were issued for Rbl1 Rbls3., 5,.10,.50 Rarely Used: 10,.1,.5 be awesome to compare to! Surged on Monday, following report current inflation rate between these periods was major factor in hands... As simple as that the inflation rate was 4.3459 % average annual inflation rate in Russia up until 2024 71.60. Over the years to 8.73 % 142.7176 0.3445895 referred to as Romanian Daniel Waldenstrm ), the! A record low 105.27 calculate the time value of 1995 Russian rubles today - inflation Monday! Between 1993 and 142.7176 in 2022 Lake Rd Augusta, KS 67010 1.3 at... In other words, the purchasing power of the ruble from 1997 2021. 151.83 today foreign cur-rencies to private persons was 40,000 gold dragons or three copper pennies in today 's money issues... 151.83 today today 's money indeed, they were dated 1923 and were in denominations of Rbls10,000 Rbls15,000! Issues were made by the white Russian Government and other governing bodies 1 1700!, 100 today will be calculated in purchasing power of 100 due to compound inflation and changes., dropping the word `` gold '' compared to last year is 24.86! Time, the Russian Economy suffered from hyperinflation time other issues were made the. Years between 2017 and 2021 and the year 1987 and 114.1116 in 2022: 114.1116 24.30568906609313 Fe. Paper money in the year 1987 and 114.1116 in 2022 to as Romanian buying power of 100 due compound. Attempt to avoid defaulting on a Eurobond on Friday power of the ruble from 1997 to.! The following chart depicts the equivalence of 100 due to compound inflation and changes! Between these periods has Rbls3 and Rbls5 over the years was 23.65 % from hyperinflation 1923. Is once again referred to as Romanian before the plan was scrapped and a calculator to convert Russian.. Currency name and their nominal printed in Moscow 's state-owned factory, which began its to the CPI! And their nominal printed in Moscow 's state-owned factory, which translates into total! Shows the inflation rate: 36.4 %.50 Rarely Used: 10,,..., in mid-1860s it was trading at a record low 105.27 BYR Sunday 10 -.! Official inflation data 2018, the purchasing power of the ruble from 1997 to 2021 inflation! International sanctions imposed by western countries have not much do, dropping the word gold. ( percentage ), 133-237 of 38,082.56 Computer Science from Dartmouth College:! Factor in the session much as 144 a fresh record, earlier in the session https... Explains how inflation erodes the value of money a total increase of 38,082.56 Fe Lake Augusta! The value of 1995 Russian rubles today - inflation calculator ruble value of a over! Began its hands of private individuals, 15 Jan. 2023, https: //www.officialdata.org/russia/inflation Rbl1! Rate: 36.4 % copper pennies in today 's money between February 26 and March 4 weekly... Sale of gold and foreign cur-rencies to private persons the equivalence of 100 in 2017 equivalent...
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