Arthur first nominated his old political boss, Roscoe Conkling; he doubted that Conkling would accept, but felt obligated to offer a high office to his former patron. [146] An 1882 trial of the ringleaders resulted in convictions for two minor conspirators and a hung jury for the rest. Chester Alan Arthur (1829-1886) 1829, Oct. 5 Born, Fairfield, Vermont, to William Arthur (1796-1875) and Malvina Stone Arthur (1802-1869). "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Political opponent of the President and former secretary of state James G. Blaine defeats Arthur for the nomination; John A. Logan is selected as vice president. [148] The second trial began in December 1882 and lasted until July 1883 and, again, did not result in a guilty verdict. In the White House, Chester Arthurs sister Mary McElroy (1841-1917) often took on the role of hostess for social functions. [196] In the months leading up to the 1884 Republican National Convention, however, Arthur began to realize that neither faction of the Republican party was prepared to give him their full support: the Half-Breeds were again solidly behind Blaine, while Stalwarts were undecided; some backed Arthur, with others considering Senator John A. Logan of Illinois. He was a member of the ultra exclusive Restigouche Salmon Club. As a young boy, he attended schools in Perry and Greenwich, New York, before enrolling at the Union College in 1845. It was an incredibly strict anti-immigration law that was designed to keep Chinese labor out of the American market. [101] In September 1879 Arthur became Chairman of the New York State Republican Executive Committee, a post in which he served until October 1881. 4, 1885 Political Party Republican Party (1854-1886), Whig Party (Before 1856) Personal Info Born Oct. 5, 1829 Died Nov. 18, 1886 (at age 57) Religion Episcopal School Union College State and National Law School Profession The couple had two children who survived to adulthood: Chester Arthur Jr. (1864-1937) and Ellen Herndon Arthur (1871-1915). [108] Their opponents in the Republican party, known as Half-Breeds, concentrated their efforts on James G. Blaine, a senator from Maine who was more amenable to civil service reform. [106] Arthur felt devastated, and perhaps guilty, and never remarried. "[219] Indeed, Howe had earlier surmised, "Arthur adopted [a code] for his own political behavior but subject to three restraints: he remained to everyone a man of his word; he kept scrupulously free from corrupt graft; he maintained a personal dignity, affable and genial though he might be. [149] This legislation greatly expanded similar civil service reforms attempted by President Franklin Pierce 30 years earlier. President Chester Arthur represented the Republican . Did you know? He died in 1883. [189] The allotment system was favored by liberal reformers at the time, but eventually proved detrimental to Native Americans as most of their land was resold at low prices to white speculators. [47] In 1859, they were married at Calvary Episcopal Church in Manhattan. [70] In 1871, Grant offered to name Arthur as Commissioner of Internal Revenue, replacing Alfred Pleasonton; Arthur declined the appointment. [126] Just before going into recess in May 1881, the situation became more complicated when Conkling and the other senator from New York, Thomas C. Platt, resigned in protest of Garfield's continuing opposition to their faction. [110] Levi P. Morton, the first choice of Garfield's supporters, consulted with Conkling, who advised him to decline, which he did. Chester A. Arthur For seven years, Arthur served as the collector of the port of New York. [210], Several Grand Army of the Republic posts were named for Arthur, including Goff, Kansas,[211] Lawrence, Nebraska,[212] Medford, Oregon,[213] and Ogdensburg, Wisconsin. [59], Arthur's political prospects improved along with his law practice when his patron, ex-Governor Morgan, was elected to the United States Senate. The son of an Irish-born Baptist minister who had immigrated to the U.S., Chester Arthur was born in Fairfield, Vermont, in 1829. [55], Arthur returned to practicing law, and with the help of additional contacts made in the military, he and the firm of Arthur & Gardiner flourished. The territory had been ceded to the United States by Russia in an 1867 treaty. He achieved prominence as a politician and as president of the United States. "[221] As 2004 biographer Zachary Karabell wrote, although Arthur was "physically stretched and emotionally strained, he strove to do what was right for the country. In addition, contemporary newspaper articles, including the 1871 stories about his appointment as Collector of the Port of New York, all indicate that he was born in Vermont, though some incorrectly give his birthplace as. [142] Despite Arthur's personal appeal to remain, MacVeagh resigned in December 1881 and Arthur replaced him with Benjamin H. Brewster, a Philadelphia lawyer and machine politician reputed to have reformist leanings. [48] The couple had three children: After his marriage, Arthur devoted his efforts to building his law practice, but also found time to engage in Republican party politics. "Men may die, but the fabric of free . He proclaimed to onlookers: "I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President! In the general election, Garfield and Arthur defeated Democratic nominee Winfield Hancock (1824-1886) and his running mate William English (1822-1896), and were sworn into office on March 4, 1881. Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 - November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States.Arthur was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the 20th vice president under James Garfield.While Garfield was mortally wounded by Charles Guiteau on July 2, 1881, he did not die until September 19, at which . [72] The Collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the United States' busiest port. All Rights Reserved. [180] Chandler scrapped costly outdated vessels, exclaiming he did his "best work in destroying the old navy. Arthur worked for one of the most prominent law firms in New York City. PDF. The portion of the law denying citizenship to Chinese-American children born in the United States was later found unconstitutional in, Earlier in 1874, during the Grant administration, Congress approved funds to rebuild four. In 1904, Taft took on the role of secretary of war in the administration read more, New York City real estate developer and reality TV star Donald Trump (1946- ) served as Americas 45th president from January 2017-January 2021. [182] Some black Republicans felt betrayed by the pragmatic gambit, but others (including Frederick Douglass and ex-Senator Blanche K. Bruce) endorsed the administration's actions, as the Southern independents had more liberal racial policies than the Democrats. [53] Arthur received plaudits for his work, but his post was a political appointment, and he was relieved of his militia duties in January 1863 when Governor Horatio Seymour, a Democrat, took office. [72] Murphy's reputation as a war profiteer and his association with Tammany Hall made him unacceptable to many of his own party, but Conkling convinced the Senate to confirm him. Congress passes the Edmunds Act, which excludes bigamists and polygamists from voting and holding office, and establishes a five-man Utah commission to supervise voting in the territory of Utah. [144] Navy Secretary William H. Hunt was next to resign, in April 1882, and Arthur attempted a more balanced approach by appointing Half-Breed William E. Chandler to the post, on Blaine's recommendation. Blaine was defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland (1837-1908) in the general election. During the Civil read more, Grover Cleveland (1837-1908), who served as the 22nd and 24th U.S. president, was known as a political reformer. So too, as it turns out, is the New York City house in which Arthur was sworn in as president, and died just five . Chester A. Arthur | Presidents of the United States (POTUS) Chester A. Arthur 1 2 3 4 5 21st President of the United States (September 19, 1881 to March 3, 1885) Nickname: "The Gentleman Boss"; "Elegant Arthur" Born: October 5, 1829, in Fairfield, Vermont Died: November 18, 1886, in New York, New York Father: William Arthur (1796-1875) The concept of a cigar-store Indian installed in the White House was finally a reassurance to the frightened American people. Four months into his term, Garfield was shot by an assassin; he died 11 weeks later, and Arthur assumed the presidency. Chester A. Arthur The 21st President of the United States Presidents George Washington John Adams Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren. Late night strolls 7. [19][c] The family remained in Fairfield until 1832, when William Arthur's profession took them to churches in several towns in Vermont and upstate New York. "[4] William Arthur retired in 1898 with the brevet rank of, William Lewis Arthur (December 10, 1860 July 7, 1863), died of ", Ellen Hansbrough Herndon "Nell" Arthur Pinkerton (November 21, 1871 September 6, 1915), married Charles Pinkerton, This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 21:30. [155] Arthur agreed with his party, and in 1882 called for the abolition of excise taxes on everything except liquor, as well as a simplification of the complex tariff structure. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), he was quartermaster for the state of New York, responsible for organizing food and supplies for Union soldiers. [214] On April 5, 1882, Arthur was elected to the District of Columbia Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS) as a Third Class Companion (insignia number 02430[215]), the honorary membership category for militia officers and civilians who made significant contributions to the war effort. The murder trial of Charles Guiteau begins. Rational Irrationality, Caplan's Rational Irrationality: Definition & Economics, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Limiting Immigration: Arthur signed the 1882, Building a Modern Navy: Known as the ''Father of the Steel Navy'' Arthur oversaw the building and expansion of the U.S. Navy, including the establishment of the. [119] Candidates for high office did not personally campaign in those days, but as state Republican chairman, Arthur played a part in the campaign in his usual fashion: overseeing the effort in New York and raising money. [193] The vacation had the opposite effect, and Arthur suffered from intense pain before returning to Washington. Chester A. Arthur 's tenure as the 21st president of the United States began on September 19, 1881, when he succeeded to the presidency upon the assassination of President James A. Garfield, and ended on March 4, 1885. [152] Even after he signed the act into law, its proponents doubted Arthur's commitment to reform. 10 Interesting Facts About Chester Arthur 10. Arthur approves a bill to appoint a tariff commission; the commission eventually recommends tariff reductions. Under this system, elected officials rewarded their supporters with political appointments in their administrations. In 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York. [121] The Republicans carried New York by 20,000 votes and, in an election with the largest turnout of qualified voters ever recorded78.4%they won the nationwide popular vote by just 7,018 votes. September 19, 1881 James Garfield dies [118] Hancock did not help his own cause when, in an attempt to remain neutral on the tariff, he said that "[t]he tariff question is a local question", which only made him appear uninformed about an important issue. Oct 5, 1829 - Nov 18, 1886 Chester Alan Arthur was an American lawyer and politician who served as the 21st president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Chester Arthur Franklin was a leading African American editor and publisher of the Kansas City Call, who used his newspaper platform to advocate for systemic change and equity, both for Kansas City's black community and for African Americans nationwide. This lesson will examine the major events of Chester A. Arthur's presidency. This law created a 10-year ban on all Chinese immigration to the United States and prohibited Chinese immigrants already in the country from becoming U.S. citizens. Arthur succeeded the presidency upon Garfield's death in September 1881two months after being shot by an assassin. He was raised in New York. The Senate ratifies the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the care of wounded war personnel. The commission's recommendations were ignored, however, as the House Ways and Means Committee, dominated by protectionists, provided a 10% reduction. Major Events During Arthur's Presidency As president, Chester A. Arthur achieved four major things: Civil Service Reform Limiting Immigration Building a Modern Navy Arthur also. [142] Blaine, nemesis of the Stalwart faction, remained Secretary of State until Congress reconvened and then departed immediately. [145] But Arthur's Attorney General, Brewster, did in fact continue the investigations begun by MacVeagh, and hired notable Democratic lawyers William W. Ker and Richard T. Merrick to strengthen the prosecution team and forestall the skeptics. [66], Conkling succeeded to leadership of the conservative wing of New York's Republicans by 1868 as Morgan concentrated more time and effort on national politics, including serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee. [151] Arthur signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law on January 16, 1883. By the 1880s, this system had grown incredibly corrupt, and many were pressing for reform. [166] To their surprise, Arthur vetoed it and requested revisions, which they made and Arthur then approved. [174], In his 1881 annual message, Arthur advocated a stronger Navy. The bill passed both houses narrowly on March 3, 1883, the last full day of the 47th Congress; Arthur signed the measure into law, with no effect on the surplus. [52] The closest Arthur came to the front was when he traveled south to inspect New York troops near Fredericksburg, Virginia, in May 1862, shortly after forces under Major General Irvin McDowell seized the town during the Peninsula Campaign. He died the following day, on November 18, at the age of 57. "[5] Mark Twain wrote of him, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration. Guiteau's poem also states he had (incorrectly) presumed that Arthur would pardon him for the assassination. [161], During the Garfield administration, Secretary of State James G. Blaine attempted to invigorate United States diplomacy in Latin America, urging reciprocal trade agreements and offering to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations. [86], Hayes entered office with a pledge to reform the patronage system; in 1877, he and Treasury Secretary John Sherman made Conkling's machine the primary target. VintageGiftHouse. [79] He was also popular within the Republican party as he efficiently collected campaign assessments from the staff and placed party leaders' friends in jobs as positions became available. [64] He continued his law practice (now a solo practice after Gardiner's death) and his role in politics, becoming a member of the prestigious Century Club in 1867. [74] Eventually, the pressure to replace Murphy grew too great, and Grant asked for his resignation in December 1871. Political corruption permeated American . In her absence, the presidents sister, Mary Arthur McElroy, acted as White House read more, Rutherford B. Hayes (1822-1893), the 19th president of the United States, won a controversial and fiercely disputed election against Samuel Tilden. Arthur was a member of the Republican Party. Arthur was born October 5, 1829, in Vermont and died November 18, 1886, in New York. [31][d][32][e][33] When Hinman's original story did not take root, he spread a new rumor that Arthur was born in Canada. [125] As vice president, Arthur cast tie-breaking votes in favor of the Republicans when Mahone opted to join their caucus. [173] Garfield's Secretary of the Navy, William H. Hunt advocated reform of the Navy. [14] They quickly moved from Burlington to Jericho, and finally to Waterville, as William received positions teaching at different schools. [53] That summer, he and other representatives of northern governors met with Secretary of State William H. Seward in New York to coordinate the raising of additional troops, and he spent the next few months helping to enlist New York's quota of 120,000 men. "[154], With high revenue held over from wartime taxes, the federal government had collected more than it spent since 1866; by 1882 the surplus reached $145 million. [125] Even so, the Senate remained deadlocked for two months over Garfield's nominations because of Conkling's opposition to some of them. When Garfield was assassinated September 1881, Arthur became president of the United States from 1881 to 1885. Arthur, in turn, gave government jobs to Conklings supporters, who contributed part of their salaries to the Republican Party. [194] The Yellowstone trip was more beneficial to Arthur's health than his Florida excursion, and he returned to Washington refreshed after two months of travel. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. [185] Arthur did, however, effectively intervene to overturn a court-martial ruling against a black West Point cadet, Johnson Whittaker, after the Judge Advocate General of the Army, David G. Swaim, found the prosecution's case against Whittaker to be illegal and based on racial bias. [175] He gave full authority to his new Secretary of Navy William E. Chandler, Hunt's successor. The Brooklyn Bridge was the first bridge to be built across the East River linking New York City and Brooklyn. "[159] Congress overrode his veto the next day[158] and the new law reduced the surplus by $19 million. The son of a Baptist preacher who had emigrated from northern Ireland, Chester A. Arthur was America's 21st President (1881-85), succeeding President James Garfield upon his assassination. A revised version of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which reduces the period of non-immigration to ten years but maintains the ban on Chinese citizenship, becomes law. 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Arthur: Facts, Accomplishments & Quotes, Chester A. Arthur Lesson for Kids: Biography & Facts, Medal of Honor Recipient Sergeant Salvatore Giunta, Cartesian Rationalism vs. Lockean Rationalism, Rational Ignorance vs. Episcopal Church in Manhattan part of their salaries to the United States from 1881 to 1885 by... Corrupt, and many were pressing for reform Chandler, Hunt 's successor the... ] Chandler scrapped costly outdated vessels, exclaiming he did his `` best work in destroying the Navy... 47 ] in 1859, they were married at Calvary Episcopal Church in.... 193 ] the collector was responsible for hiring hundreds of workers to collect the tariffs due at the College! A young boy, he attended schools in Perry and Greenwich, New York and..., and finally to Waterville, as William received positions teaching at different schools Arthur succeeded presidency! President Franklin Pierce 30 years earlier the general election, the pressure to Murphy... 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Arthur administration! Arthur approves a bill to appoint a tariff commission ; the commission eventually recommends reductions! His term, Garfield was assassinated September 1881, Arthur advocated a stronger Navy was shot by an.. Term, Garfield was shot by an assassin in his 1881 annual message, Arthur advocated a Navy. The old Navy the commission eventually recommends tariff reductions Grover Cleveland ( 1837-1908 ) the. Young boy, he attended schools in Perry and Greenwich, New York City Brooklyn... Fired Arthur as part of a plan to reform the federal patronage system in New York care of wounded personnel. The old Navy Twain wrote of him, `` it would be hard indeed better... 47 ] in 1859, they were married at Calvary Episcopal Church in Manhattan expanded similar civil reform!
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